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It's a *slightly* destructive test that several places do for a small fee in order to certify that the tank is safe to fill or use. The first step is usually a basic lookover of the tank with the valve removed. They look for cuts, nicks or any type of damage on the outside and inside of the tank. The actual hydro part is done with a water filled pressure chamber. They fill the chamber and the tank completely up with water then pressurize the water inside the tank to whatever the testing pressure should be.... Probably around 2x-3x the working pressure of the tank. They measure the amount of water displaced out of the pressure chamber to determine how much the tank swelled with the excessive pressure. If the tank swells too much it is considered unsafe and discarded or destroyed. One problem with hydro testing is that once the tank has been overfilled for the testing it never regains it's original size having permanently stretched out a tiny bit. Since the amount is small it isn't noticable to the naked eye plus hydros are done only occasionally so this usually isn't a problem until many have been done.
Different tanks are supposed to be hydroed at different intervals. I think Steel and AL Co2 ones are done every 5 years and fiber HPA tanks are done every 3. (I could be mistaken though. Be sure to check your tank for more info)
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